![](https://waterhistoryphl.org/wp-content/uploads/graff-scrapbook1-2004071-2004.071.0001.015-crop.jpg?w=300)
![](https://waterhistoryphl.org/wp-content/uploads/graff-scrapbook1-2004071-2004.071.0001.015-crop.jpg?w=300)
![](https://waterhistoryphl.org/wp-content/uploads/graff-scrapbook2-125-crop.jpg?w=300)
Newspaper Clipping Scrapbooks of Frederick Graff Jr., Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Department. Part 2: 1858-1871
![Birkinbine Schuylkill Hydrographical Survey 1861-66](https://waterhistoryphl.org/wp-content/uploads/2008.001.0053_Hydrographical-Schuylkill-1866-2-reduced.jpg?w=300)
The application of scientific principles to practical ends as the design, construction, and operation of efficient and economical structures, equipment, and systems; also the profession of or the work performed by an engineer. Good practices in the various subdivisions of this field, including civil, sanitary, and transportation engineering, are the foundation of any city's well-being and livability.